Legend
EF4 at 200 mph — top of the EF4 range (3)
EF4 at 191–195 mph (2)
EF4 listed at 190 mph (Lyza et al.) (10)
Since 2024: 190 mph EF4s + Enid research note (3)
Mobile-radar winds far above the rating (2)
For reference: rated F5 / EF5 (4)
NWS tornado warning polygons, issuance (IEM; 2002+): 83 warnings on 22 of 24 tornadoes
NWS damage-survey points (DAT): 8,907 points on 21 of 24 tornadoes (2011+); colour = EF rating:
Survey point EF0
Survey point EF1
Survey point EF2
Survey point EF3
Survey point EF4
Survey point EF5
Survey point unrated / not given
NWS survey EF contours (DAT): 136 on 16 tornadoes — colours as survey points
Path width (shaded band): each track drawn at its surveyed maximum width along its whole length (real width varied); all 24 tornadoes, in the colour of its path
Hail report, measured (47)
Hail report, estimated / not flagged (150)
Wind report, measured (32)
Wind report, estimated / not stated / damage only (97)
Radar scan details at each tornado's peak: all 24 (reflectivity 24, velocity 24) — click a dot
Lines: 13 NWS DAT surveyed paths; 11 SPC start-to-end tracks (all 2014 or earlier; incl. Cullman and Moore 2013, whose DAT paths carry 175 mph or no rating). Dots mark each path's midpoint — click for details. Candidates per Lyza et al. (2025); Shawnee (2013) is shown at its NWS-corrected 175 mph (Lyza et al.: 190). Sources: NWS, SPC, NCEI, FARM/DOW. As of 2026-10-09.
Radar-estimated max hail size (MRMS MESH) — MODELED
0.75–1 in
1–1.5 in
1.5–2 in
2–2.5 in
≥ 2.5 in
24 h to 12 UTC after each tornado day, cropped near each path (cut where another tornado's path is nearer). 8 tornadoes, late 2019 onward. A radar estimate, not measured stones.
Radar rotation track (MRMS, 24 h) — MODELED
0.006–0.010 s⁻¹
0.010–0.015
0.015–0.020
0.020–0.030
≥ 0.030 s⁻¹
Max low-level azimuthal shear, 24 h to 12 UTC, cropped near each path (cut where another tornado's path is nearer). Includes other storms that day. 8 tornadoes, late 2019 onward.
NEXRAD reflectivity near peak intensity — OBSERVED
20–35 dBZ
35–45
45–50
50–60
60+ dBZ
One 5-min national composite frame (IEM) at or just before each tornado's estimated peak time, about ±50 km, cut where another tornado's path is nearer (frames are from different days). Peak = the highest-rated NWS survey point for 21 tornadoes; touchdown for the other 3. IEM n0q (0.5 dBZ) from 2011; n0r (5 dBZ) for the 2 1990s cases.
NEXRAD storm-relative velocity near peak — OBSERVED
≥ 60 kt toward radar
30–60 kt toward
10–30 kt toward
under 10 kt either way
10–30 kt away
30–60 kt away
≥ 60 kt away from radar
Lowest scan of the nearest radar with a volume within 8 min before / 3 min after each estimated peak (NOAA Level II archive), about ±50 km, cut where another tornado's path is nearer; 22 of 24 tornadoes, 2011–2026. Dealiased, minus each tornado's own forward motion; a tight green–red pair is the rotation. The beam samples hundreds to thousands of feet up, not the surface wind the EF scale describes.
NEXRAD velocity at touchdown, NOT storm-relative — OBSERVED
≥ 60 kt toward radar
30–60 kt toward
10–30 kt toward
under 10 kt either way
10–30 kt away
30–60 kt away
≥ 60 kt away from radar
Jarrell, TX 1997, Bridge Creek–Moore, OK 1999: no end time is recorded, so the storm's own motion can't be removed and the background flow tints the image. Lowest scan of the nearest radar (NOAA Level II, legacy format), dealiased, about ±50 km, cut where another tornado's path is nearer; look for the tight green–red pair.
