Legend
Category 5 (137+ kt)
Category 4 (113–136 kt)
Category 3 (96–112 kt)
Category 2 (83–95 kt)
Category 1 (64–82 kt)
Tropical storm (34–63 kt)
Depression (<34 kt)
No 1-min estimate
Peak intensity (25)
Landfall — NHC (20)
34-kt wind swath (NHC HURDAT2 2004+ / JTWC 2002+ radii)
50-kt wind swath (NHC HURDAT2 2004+ / JTWC 2002+ radii)
64-kt wind swath (NHC HURDAT2 2004+ / JTWC 2002+ radii)
Radii at peak (outline, same colours; NHC HURDAT2 2004+, JTWC 2002+)
Recon centre fix (OBSERVED; NHC archive, 2006+): Patricia 7, Dorian 14, Melissa 19
USGS high-water mark (OBSERVED; STN; Wilma 2005, Dorian 2019; zoom in)
Landfall named by PAGASA (agency statement; Haiyan 2013, six)
Landfall named by JMA (agency statement; Hagibis 2019, Jebi 2018)
Hagibis / Jebi track (JTWC best-track analysis; same category colours)
NHC hurricane warning (coast segment, ALERT)
NHC hurricane watch (coast segment, ALERT)
NHC tropical storm warning (coast segment, ALERT)
NHC tropical storm watch (coast segment, ALERT)
NWS Tropical Storm Warning (TR.W), Dorian 2019 (ALERT)
NWS Hurricane Warning (HU.W), Dorian 2019 (ALERT)
NWS Storm Surge Warning (SS.W), Dorian 2019 (ALERT)
DisasterAWARE alert footprint (ALERT; records that carry one)
DisasterAWARE exposure level 1 (MODELED; Melissa (2025), assessed 31 Oct, after Jamaica)
DisasterAWARE exposure level 2 (MODELED; Melissa (2025), assessed 31 Oct, after Jamaica)
DisasterAWARE exposure level 3 (MODELED; Melissa (2025), assessed 31 Oct, after Jamaica)
NWS post-storm rainfall station (OBSERVED; PSH via DisasterAWARE record; Mawar (2023), Bolaven (2023); zoom in)
NWS post-storm water level station (OBSERVED; PSH via DisasterAWARE record; Mawar (2023), Bolaven (2023); zoom in)
NWS post-storm wind / pressure station (OBSERVED; PSH via DisasterAWARE record; Mawar (2023), Bolaven (2023); zoom in)
Categories use the 1-minute sustained wind from NHC/JTWC best tracks. Landfall points are NHC's (Atlantic and eastern Pacific).
Infrared at peak (22 storms since 1980, NOAA GridSat-B1)
colder than −80 °C
−80 to −70 °C
−70 to −60 °C
−60 to −50 °C
−50 to −40 °C
−40 to −30 °C
warmer than −30 °C (grey)
NOAA NCEI GridSat-B1 geostationary infrared (11 µm), the 3-hourly image at each storm's best-track peak (the red dot), for the 22 storms since 1980; nearest slot for Dorian (18:00 UTC image; peak 16:40 UTC). Colour is cloud-top temperature: the coldest tops are the tallest thunderstorms, in the eyewall around the eye. Tip (1979), Nancy (1961) and the Labor Day hurricane (1935) predate the record. Each image is cut to 550 km around its own peak and stops halfway to a neighbouring storm's red dot, so clustered storms don't hide each other. Thin blank lines are scan gaps in the archive. Imagery, not a wind measurement.
Satellite near peak (4 images, NASA Worldview)
Patricia: MODIS Terra, 23 Oct 2015 17:30 UTC, 6 h after the best-track peak, best-track wind then about 180 kt; Haiyan: MODIS Aqua, 07 Nov 2013 04:20 UTC, 8 h before the best-track peak, best-track wind then about 159 kt; Goni: MODIS Terra, 31 Oct 2020 02:20 UTC, 16 h before the best-track peak, best-track wind then about 160 kt; Melissa: MODIS Terra, 28 Oct 2025 14:45 UTC, 3 h after the best-track peak, best-track wind then about 162 kt. Polar-orbiter passes, so each is a daytime pass near the peak, not the peak itself. MODIS imagery exists from 2000; Tip (1979) and the other pre-2000 storms have none in NASA GIBS.
