Track colour = strength (best track)
Category 5
Category 4
Category 3
Category 2
Category 1
Tropical storm / depression
34-kt wind radii at landfall (best-track analysis, via DisasterAWARE archive)
50-kt wind radii at landfall (best-track analysis, via DisasterAWARE archive)
64-kt wind radii at landfall (best-track analysis, via DisasterAWARE archive)
34-kt wind swath (best-track analysis; NHC HURDAT2 radii, 2004+)
50-kt wind swath (best-track analysis; NHC HURDAT2 radii, 2004+)
64-kt wind swath (best-track analysis; NHC HURDAT2 radii, 2004+)
Radii at peak (outline, same colours; best-track analysis, NHC HURDAT2 2004+)
Recon centre fix (OBSERVED; NHC vortex messages, 2006+ archive): Ida 13, Irma 15, Michael 20, Maria 22
NHC hurricane warning (ALERT; coast segment, 2008+ GIS archive)
NHC hurricane watch (ALERT; coast segment, 2008+ GIS archive)
NHC tropical storm warning (ALERT; coast segment, 2008+ GIS archive)
NHC tropical storm watch (ALERT; coast segment, 2008+ GIS archive)
NWS Tropical Storm Warning (TR.W) (ALERT; IEM VTEC, 2007+; no coastal HU.W/TR.W for Katrina 2005)
NWS Hurricane Warning (HU.W) (ALERT; IEM VTEC, 2007+; no coastal HU.W/TR.W for Katrina 2005)
NWS Storm Surge Warning (SS.W) (ALERT; IEM VTEC, issued since 2017; no coastal HU.W/TR.W for Katrina 2005)
USGS high-water mark (OBSERVED; STN, 2005+: Katrina 824, Irma 506, Maria 181, Michael 522, Ida 655; zoom in)
Tide gauge, peak water / surge (OBSERVED; NOAA CO-OPS, where a gauge was recording, 1919–2021: 1919 Florida Keys hurricane 1, Labor Day hurricane 1, Donna 1, Carla 1, Andrew 3, Katrina 7, Irma 2, Maria 12, Michael 3, Ida 9)
Storm-total rain 3–5 in (OBSERVED; WPC gauges, 1919–2018 storms; Ida and Maria: WPC maximum only; none for 1886; zoom in)
Storm-total rain 5–10 in (OBSERVED; WPC)
Storm-total rain 10–15 in (OBSERVED; WPC)
Storm-total rain 15+ in (OBSERVED; WPC)
Historical observation, Camille 1969 (OBSERVED; NWS Mobile)
Dots = US landfall position (NHC HURDAT2). Click any dot or track for values.
Infrared at peak (OBSERVED imagery; 6 storms since 1980, NOAA GridSat-B1)
colder than −80 °C
−80 to −70 °C
−70 to −60 °C
−60 to −50 °C
−50 to −40 °C
−40 to −30 °C
warmer than −30 °C (grey)
Geostationary infrared (11 µm), the 3-hourly image nearest each storm's strongest best-track fix on the mapped track: Andrew 1992-08-23 18:00 UTC (GOES-7; peak fix 18:00 UTC, 150 kt); Michael 2018-10-10 18:00 UTC (GOES-16; peak fix 17:30 UTC, 140 kt); Katrina 2005-08-28 18:00 UTC (GOES-12; peak fix 18:00 UTC, 150 kt); Irma 2017-09-06 18:00 UTC (GOES-13; peak fix 16:30 UTC, 155 kt); Ida 2021-08-29 12:00 UTC (GOES-16; peak fix 12:00 UTC, 130 kt); Maria 2017-09-20 03:00 UTC (GOES-13; peak fix 03:00 UTC, 150 kt). Colour is cloud-top temperature. Each image is cut to 550 km around its peak and stops halfway to another storm's peak; thin rows filled from a far off-nadir satellite are left blank. The 1886–1969 storms predate the record. Imagery, not a wind measurement.
Radar at landfall (OBSERVED; 4 continental landfalls since 1995, IEM composite)
20–35 dBZ
35–45 dBZ
45–50 dBZ
50–60 dBZ
60+ dBZ
Base-reflectivity national composite at the frame nearest each mapped landfall: Michael 2018-10-10 17:30 UTC (2018-10-10 12:30 PM CDT; n0q, 0.5 dBZ steps); Katrina 2005-08-29 11:10 UTC (2005-08-29 6:10 AM CDT; n0r, 5 dBZ steps); Irma 2017-09-10 13:00 UTC (2017-09-10 9:00 AM EDT; n0q, 0.5 dBZ steps); Ida 2021-08-29 16:55 UTC (2021-08-29 11:55 AM CDT; n0q, 0.5 dBZ steps). Maria's Puerto Rico landfall is outside the continental composite; IEM's national composite starts in 1995 (Andrew 1992 and earlier are not covered).
